高级SQL
- 分组集
- 排序集
- 假象集
- 窗口函数
- 递归
递归应用
递归加速count(distint) 查询。 使用场景，数据分布：大数据集但其中的类型却很少
-- 创建表
test1=# create table recurive_t(user_id int,free float,info text);
CREATE TABLE
-- 加入数据
test1=# insert into recurive_t select 1 ,generate_series(0,1000000),'user 1 pay !!!';
test1=# insert into recurive_t select 2 ,generate_series(0,2000000),'user 2 pay !!!';
test1=# insert into recurive_t select 3 ,generate_series(0,3000000),'user 3 pay !!!';
test1=# insert into recurive_t select 4 ,generate_series(0,4000000),'user 4 pay !!!';
test1=# insert into recurive_t select 5 ,generate_series(0,4000000),'user 5 pay !!!';
test1=# analyze recurive_t ;
ANALYZE
-- count(distinct()) 查询
test1=# explain analyze select count(distinct(user_id)) from recurive_t ;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=10000412944.36..10000412944.37 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=2793.108..2793.108 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Seq Scan on recurive_t (cost=10000000000.00..10000377992.29 rows=13980829 width=4) (actual time=0.006..1065.338 rows=14000005 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.054 ms
Execution time: 2793.144 ms
(4 行记录)
时间：2793.548 ms (00:02.794)
-- group by 查询
test1=# explain analyze select user_id from recurive_t group by user_id;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group (cost=1000.46..511742.60 rows=5 width=4) (actual time=8.073..1119.549 rows=5 loops=1)
Group Key: user_id
-> Gather Merge (cost=1000.46..511742.57 rows=10 width=4) (actual time=8.072..1138.226 rows=15 loops=1)
Workers Planned: 2
Workers Launched: 2
-> Group (cost=0.43..510741.40 rows=5 width=4) (actual time=0.053..845.258 rows=5 loops=3)
Group Key: user_id
-> Parallel Index Only Scan using recurive_t_user_id_idx on recurive_t (cost=0.43..496178.03 rows=5825345 width=4) (actual time=0.050..694.273 rows=4666668 loops=3)
Heap Fetches: 1803282
Planning time: 0.133 ms
Execution time: 1138.276 ms
(11 行记录)
时间：1139.009 ms (00:01.139)
-- 添加索引，对优化没有效果
test1=# create index ON recurive_t (user_id );
CREATE INDEX
时间：5990.992 ms (00:05.991)
test1=# explain analyze select count(distinct(user_id)) from recurive_t ;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=613020.52..613020.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=3180.517..3180.517 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Index Only Scan using recurive_t_user_id_idx on recurive_t (cost=0.43..578020.51 rows=14000005 width=4) (actual time=0.089..1531.050 rows=14000005 loops=1)
Heap Fetches: 14000005
Planning time: 0.288 ms
Execution time: 3180.570 ms
(5 行记录)
时间：3181.520 ms (00:03.182)
--- 画重点，利用递归查询。效果惊人
test1=# explain analyze with recursive skip as(
(
select min(t.user_id) as user_id from recurive_t t
)
union
(
select (select min(t.user_id) from recurive_t t where t.user_id > s.user_id )
from skip s
)
)
select count(*) from skip;
QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=54.94..54.95 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.271..0.271 rows=1 loops=1)
CTE skip
-> Recursive Union (cost=0.47..52.67 rows=101 width=4) (actual time=0.051..0.256 rows=6 loops=1)
-> Result (cost=0.47..0.48 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.048..0.048 rows=1 loops=1)
InitPlan 3 (returns $1)
-> Limit (cost=0.43..0.47 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.043..0.044 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Index Only Scan using recurive_t_user_id_idx on recurive_t t_1 (cost=0.43..525904.40 rows=15394398 width=4) (actual time=0.042..0.042 rows=1 loops=1)
Index Cond: (user_id IS NOT NULL)
Heap Fetches: 1
-> WorkTable Scan on skip s (cost=0.00..5.02 rows=10 width=4) (actual time=0.031..0.032 rows=1 loops=6)
SubPlan 2
-> Result (cost=0.47..0.48 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.028..0.028 rows=1 loops=6)
InitPlan 1 (returns $3)
-> Limit (cost=0.43..0.47 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=0.027..0.027 rows=1 loops=6)
-> Index Only Scan using recurive_t_user_id_idx on recurive_t t (cost=0.43..188135.76 rows=5131466 width=4) (actual time=0.025..0.025 rows=1 loops=6)
Index Cond: ((user_id IS NOT NULL) AND (user_id > s.user_id))
Heap Fetches: 4
-> CTE Scan on skip (cost=0.00..2.02 rows=101 width=0) (actual time=0.054..0.263 rows=6 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.415 ms
Execution time: 0.373 ms
(20 行记录)
时间：1.872 ms
WITH
利用with as 不需要修改索引，指定查询计划
select * from T where A=1 and B = 2;
执行计划可能使用A索引，也可能走B索引
WITH T_a as (
select * from T where A = 1;
)
select * from T_a where B = 1;
执行计划走A 索引
更多参考